Archives: Tooltips

U.S. research articles are defined as those with a first author from a U.S. institution (see 2020 global Lancet Countdown Appendix for more details on Indicator 5.3).

Conservative estimate as this assumes all work is performed in the shade (see 2020 global Lancet Countdown Appendix for more details on Indicator 4.1.3).

Utilizes updated methodology and the addition of the construction sector compared to the 2019 U.S. Brief statistics (see 2020 global Lancet Countdown Appendix for more details on Indicator 1.1.4).

Estimate from an exposure-response function that utilized methods described by World Health Organization (see 2020 global Lancet Countdown Appendix for more details on Indicator 1.1.3).

Throughout this brief, an asterisk (*) denotes  newly published data for the U.S. from Watts et al (2020), and the most recent year of data available is presented. Please see the 2020 global Lancet Countdown report and Appendix for further details about these specific indicators.

Shindell D, Bréon F, Collins W, et al. Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2013.

Green Power Pricing. United States Environ. Prot. Agency. https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/green-power-pricing (accessed Oct 20, 2020).

Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) Report. 2020. https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/SBA PPP Loan Report Deck.pdf (accessed Oct 20, 2020).

Leider JP, Resnick B, McCullough J Mac, Alfonso YN, Bishai D. Inaccuracy of official estimates of public health spending in the United States, 2000–2018. Am. J. Public Health 2020; 110: S194–6.

Himmelstein DU, Woolhandler S. Public health’s falling share of US health spending. Am J Public Health 2016; 106: 56–7.